Satraps of the Persian Empire

Satraps have ruled the various provinces of Persia in different periods for an incredibly long period of time, from the age of the Median Empire, 728 to 559 BCE, through the Buyid Dynasty, 934 to 1062 CE. At different times, satraps territories within Persias empire have stretched from the borders of India in the east to Yemen in the south, and west to Libya. Satraps Under Cyrus the Great Although the Medes seem to be the first people in history to have divided their lands up into provinces, with individual provincial leaders, the system of satrapies really came into its own during the time of the Achaemenid Empire (sometimes known as the Persian Empire), c. 550 to 330 BCE.  Under the Achaemenid Empires founder, Cyrus the Great, Persia was divided into 26 satrapies.  The satraps ruled in the name of the king and paid tribute to the central government. Achaemenid satraps had considerable power.  They owned and administered the land in their provinces, always in the kings name.  They served as the chief judge for their region, adjudicating disputes and decreeing the punishments for various crimes.  Satraps also collected taxes, appointed and removed local officials, and policed the roads and public spaces.   To prevent the satraps from exercising too much power and possibly even challenging the kings authority, each satrap answered to a royal secretary, known as the eye of the king.  In addition, the chief financial officer and the general in charge of troops for each satrapy reported directly to the king, rather than to the satrap.   Expansion and Weakening of the Empire Under Darius the Great, the Achaemenid Empire expanded to 36 satrapies.  Darius regularized the tribute system, assigning each satrapy a standard amount according to its economic potential and population. Despite the controls put in place, as the Achaemenid Empire weakened, the satraps began to exercise more autonomy and local control.  Artaxerxes II (r. 404 - 358 BCE), for example, faced what is known as the Revolt of the Satraps between 372 and 382 BCE, with uprisings in Cappadocia (now in Turkey), Phrygia (also in Turkey), and Armenia. Perhaps most famously, when Alexander the Great  of Macedon suddenly died in 323 BCE, his generals divided up his empire into satrapies. They did this to avoid a succession struggle. Since Alexander did not have an heir; under the satrapy system, each of the Macedonian or Greek generals would have a territory to rule under the Persian title of satrap. The Hellenistic satrapies were much smaller than those of the Persian satrapies, however.  These Diadochi, or successors, ruled their satrapies until one by one they fell between 168 and 30 BCE. When the Persian people threw off Hellenistic rule  and unified once more as the Parthian Empire (247 BCE - 224 CE), they retained the satrapy system. In fact, Parthia was originally a satrapy in northeastern Persia, which went on to conquer most of the neighboring satrapies. The term satrap is derived from the Old Persian kshathrapavan, meaning guardian of the realm. In modern English usage, it can also mean a despotic lesser ruler or a corrupt puppet leader.

Importance Of Volunteering At Pine Meadow Elementary School

I am volunteering at Pine Meadow Elementary School. I volunteer from 8:30 – 9:50 in the morning every Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday. I am in Ms. Wurzbergers room and she teaches kindergarten class that consists of children ages 5-6. There are 20 children in the classroom with one teacher. One of the kids has a special teacher he walks around with all the time but they are not usually in the classroom. The classroom is set up with 4 tables spread around the room with 5 chairs at each table. There is a separate table away from the student’s tables where you can do one on one work with the kids. The room has one window, a sink near the door and posters hung up around the room. The posters have thing like the alphabet and numbers on†¦show more content†¦B.F. Skinner is not a stage theorist. Skinner’s system is based on operant conditioning. He believes that â€Å" the behavior is followed by a consequence, and the nature of the consequence modifies the organisms tendency to repeat the behavior in the future†. My first example supporting Skinner’s system in based off of Skinner 1. This example starts when the teacher told the kids they can go grab their scissors whenever they were ready for the cutting part of their activity. Ms. Wurzberger noticed one of the kids walking with the sharp part of the scissors in his hand so he cant hurt anyone or himself. The teacher announced to the class saying â€Å" I like how Roger is walking nicely with his scissors and holding them the correct way†. Ms. Wurzberger then continued to give him a point on his point board. When the other surrounding kids saw that he got recognized and got a point on his point board they wanted that so they instantly change the way the were carrying the scissors or slowed down the walking pace. Another example I have for Skinner’s 1st theory is when the kids get called to line up at the door to go to specialists they are expected to s tand straight with their hands to themselves keeping their voices down into a hallway voice. When the teachers says she loves how a certain student is standing in line you will see the others react to that by making sure their posture is good while

Canadian Family Essay Free Essays

Living together, getting married and having children are all the important factors that contribute in creating a family. The Canadian family has, is and will face different types of challenges in the future. Families in Canada have changed as time has progressed. We will write a custom essay sample on Canadian Family Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this time period the Canadian family has faced a number of challenges. I believe this is due to the increase in divorce rates, same sex marriage and living together in common law. Depending on the situation within the family, families in Canada have found to be challenged. First of all I would like to bring out probably the most common challenge and factor which is making marriages unsuccessful, that being divorce. The divorce rate in Canadian families is increasing day by day from what it used to be. Divorce leads to a disturbance in one’s family when he/she files for one. The children of the divorced couples are not being raised up normally; moreover they are being raised up living with a single parent or living one week with the mother and one week with the father. The children are not getting the time and love from their parents which they would normally get if their parents lived together. In my opinion a family is a group of people involving a mother, father and their children living together in the same house, so if the parents of the children get divorced it causes that family to break when they no longer live with each other. Back in the day divorce was not that common as it is today, people would get married for life but now a days if couples get into a fight the first option that pops up in their heads is divorce. People nowadays are taking advantage of the divorce laws and are using them more commonly which is leading Canadian families challenged. Another challenge that Canadian families are facing these days is same sex marriage. When a couple of the same sex gets married together they are left with a challenge of having children together. To overcome this challenge most couples take the option of adopting children or having children through surrogacy, and some decide not to bring children in their lives at all. The couples that do decide to adopt children, the children are still not gifted with a mother and a father; moreover they could grow up having two mothers or two fathers. In this situation the children are not being raised up as they would be if they had both a father and a mother. On the other hand when same sex married couples decide not to adopt children and not bring them in their lives at all, this leads to their generation from further expanding. With all due espect to same sex marriage, same sex marriage is a challenge that families in our society are facing in the new era. On the other hand one other challenge that Canadian families are facing these days is the challenge of common law. Common law has become more common in the new world. Couples are moving in, living together, and having children without being married. Couples these days are spending more time living together before marriage than they are after marriage or they are breaking up even before getting to the extent of getting married. Common law mostly involves teen couples living or having children together, this is because teens are less mature and do not know what the responsibility of raising children together is, so often teens tend to break up with each other despite having children. Adults on the other hand tend to live together for years in common law and at some point when they do get married it may not last that long because they know each other’s ups and downs because of all the time they have spent together. In this case common law is another crucial challenge that Canadian families are facing these days. Finally I would like to say Canadian families are continuing to change and face crucial challenges such as, divorce, same sex marriage and common law day by day. Living together, getting married and having children are all important factors that contribute in creating a family. If any one of these crucial factors gets disturbed then it leaves the families faced with challenges. If we fulfil all the factors that contribute in creating a family in the right way then it will leave our families with less of a challenge. How to cite Canadian Family Essay, Essays

Huck Finn Essay Paper Example For Students

Huck Finn Essay Paper ADD: Active Determined DreamerHuckleberry Finn is not an escapist, but a free spirit who only wants to live deeply disentangled from the bonds of society. An escapist is someone who flees from his/her responsibilities, while a free spirit is a person who knows no boundaries, and cannot be tamed by society. It may appear at first that Huck is an escapist, for he enjoys not having to go to school when living with his father. He escapes from the cabin and his fathers abuse; however, he escapes from his fathers cabin out of the necessity of survival, not because he didnt want to accept responsibilities. Even though Huck did enjoy fishing and relaxing in the sun during his stay with Pap, it wasnt the responsibility that he was escaping, but the rules that society had imposed on him. Huck didnt mind learning new things and being knowledgeable, but he did not like to get dressed up, to have to go to school, to be well behaved and polite, and to learn good manners. I was kind of lazy and jol ly, laying off comfortable all day, smoking and fishingand my clothes got to be all rags and dirt, and I didnt see how Id ever got to like it so well at the widows where you had to wash and eat regularIt was pretty good times up in the woods there, take it all around. (p. 31) Living in the woods is harder work, having to catch food and build fires to stay warm, but Huck doesnt mind work as long as he can do it how he wants to. Huck is always going against society and cannot live by its rules. Society told him it was wrong to help a runaway slave, but when he paddled out to go turn Jim in he just couldnt let himself. He decided that he didnt care what society thought was right, and that staying true to Jim was the best thing to do. I knowed very well I had done wrong, and I see it warnt no use for me to try to learn to do rightThen I thought for a minute, and says to myself hold n; spose youd a done right and give Jim up, wouldve you felt better than what you do now? No says I, Id fe el badWell, then says I, whats the use you learning to do right when its troublesome to do right and aint no trouble to do wrong. (p. 95) His spirit is free and uncorrupted by the prejudices of society. By listening to his heart, Huck makes a good choice. He still takes responsibility for his own actions although not according to the standards put on him, but by those he puts on himself. He is no longer as selfish, as he becomes more mature he learns to respect other peoples feelings and needs. Even though he doesnt want to live in their world, Huck still has feelings for the people he meets and cares for. Traveling down the Mississippi is heaven for a free spirit like Huck. Surviving on their own terms Huck and Jim borrowed vegetables and hunted for meat. We shot a water fowl now and then that got up too early in the morning or didnt go to bed early enough in the evening. Take it all around we lived pretty high. (p.71) Huck is completely satisfied with this life style. He has every thing a free spirit needs; a good companion, enough food and water to comfortably survive, and of course a swift moving river carrying him down the path of life. The huge river is a school for the free spirited. The river is where Huck found out he belongs; there he can be free from societys rules. He can travel along next to the civilized world, stopping and visiting for a while, and then move on before stopping in further down, to get another glimpse of society and learn a little bit more. No one can tell Huck to stay and live in one spot, and no one can tell Huck how to live. In the end, he had become more mature, even though he didnt follow societys traditional standards of the transition from boyhood to manhood. Huck does not graduate from high school or gets his first job, but instead went on an adventure down the Mississippi. This journey gave him a more mature outlook on life that could not be accomplished by sitting in a classroom all day. At the end of his journey, he was faced with having to return to the society he had been free of during his adventure. However, he decided it would be best to leave again, not escaping, but continuing on in life, reaching out for more than what most people settle for. But I reckon I got to light out for the territory ahead of the rest, because Aunt Sally shes going to adopt me and sivilize me, and I cant stand it. I been there before. (p. 287)If Huck were alive today, he most likely would have been put in a reform school, diagnosed as ADD, or punished to the point of rebellion. However, Huck did not have to escape from his responsibilities, he merely freed himself from the world in which he did not belong, into one of movement, change and adventure, where he could take on responsibilities in his own free spirited way. 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